{"id":3172,"date":"2021-02-16T13:20:57","date_gmt":"2021-02-16T13:20:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/technical-note\/side-effect-profiling\/"},"modified":"2025-11-26T14:19:03","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T14:19:03","slug":"side-effect-profiling","status":"publish","type":"technical-note","link":"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/fr\/technical-note\/side-effect-profiling\/","title":{"rendered":"Side Effect Profiling"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We offer a wide range of behavioural and physiological assays that can be used to assess the mode of action, efficacy and side-effect profile of centrally acting drugs. They can also be used in proof-of-concept studies for novel molecular targets in the brain.\u00a0These assays include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Behavioural phenotyping (transgenic animals)<\/li>\n<li>Initial safety assessment of novel compounds\n<ul>\n<li>Irwin test<\/li>\n<li>Rotarod<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Neurotransmitter-specific functional tests<\/li>\n<li>Measurement of the effects of drugs on seizure threshold<\/li>\n<li>Pupillometry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Drugs (alone or in combination with a receptor agonist or antagonist) can be given by a variety of different routes (including intracerebroventricular injection). Blood and tissue samples can be collected for pharmacokinetic or neurochemical analysis or\u00a0<em>ex vivo\u00a0<\/em>binding if required.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rotarod for assessment of motor function<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Diazepam reduces fall latency in the rat rotarod test<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10353\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Rotarod-for-assessment-of-motor-function-Diazepam-reduces-fall-latency-in-the-rat-rotarod-test-.png\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<h6>Data are back-transformed adjusted means (n=12). SEMs are calculated from the residuals of the statistical model.<br>\nData was analysed by ANOVA on square root transformed data averaged over trials 1-3 for each animal.<br>\nComparisons to vehicle for Diazepam by Williams\u2019 test ***p&lt;0.001.<\/h6>\n<p><strong>Catalepsy assessment for evaluating extrapyramidal side effects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The typical antipsychotic Haloperidol induces catalepsy in rats<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10354\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/The-typical-antipsychotic-Haloperidol-induces-catalepsy-in-rats.png\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Pupillometry for assessment central function<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Adding to our portfolio of CNS services, we have recently developed a pupillometry model of morphine- and clonidine-induced mydriasis. This assay can be utilised to better understand the pharmacology of novel centrally acting drugs, and as a measure of parasympathetic and sympathetic tone.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Clonidine-induced mydriasis in rats<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10355\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Clonidine-induced-mydriasis-in-rats.png\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"margin-top: 0cm; background: white; text-align: left;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Montserrat; color: #221e1f;\">Data are back-transformed adjusted means \u00b1 SEM (n=8).\u00a0 Analysis was by two-way analysis of covariance<br>\nof log transformed data with treatment and day as factors and pupil diameter at 0 mins as a covariate.<br>\nComparisons against vehicle were by Williams\u2019 test, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Montserrat; color: #221e1f;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n<h4 style=\"background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 11.25pt; text-align: left;\" align=\"center\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Montserrat; color: #221e1f; font-style: normal;\">Morphine-induced mydriasis in rats<\/span><\/b><\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10356\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Morphine-induced-mydriasis-in-rats.png\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<h6>Data are back-transformed adjusted means \u00b1 SEM (n=8-16). Analysis was by one-way analysis of covariance<br>\nof log transformed data with treatment as a factor and pupil diameter at 0 mins as a covariate.<br>\nComparisons against vehicle were by multiple t-test ***p&lt;0.001.<\/h6>\n<p><strong>Measurement of Prolactin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Increased plasma prolactin can be \u00a0a side-effect of antipsychotic drug administration, typically associated with Dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. We offer a plasma prolactin assay that can assess whether novel drugs to treat schizophrenia increase circulating levels of this pituitary hormone.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10357\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Measurement-of-Prolactin.png\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Weight Gain<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Weight gain can be a serious side-effect of antipsychotic treatment. We have developed a rat\u00a0model of antipsychotic weight gain.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Effect of olanzapine on various parameters in female rats maintained on high fat diet<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10358\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Weight-Gain.png\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":3173,"template":"","category":[1],"resource_tag":[],"class_list":["post-3172","technical-note","type-technical-note","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Side Effect Profiling - Technical Notes - Sygnature Discovery<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Accurate Drug Profiling: Assess efficacy, safety &amp; side effects with behavioural &amp; physiological assays for central acting drugs.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Side Effect Profiling - 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