{"id":3168,"date":"2026-04-16T12:03:36","date_gmt":"2026-04-16T12:03:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/technical-note\/intracerebral-microdialysis\/"},"modified":"2026-04-16T14:56:31","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T14:56:31","slug":"intracerebral-microdialysis","status":"publish","type":"technical-note","link":"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/fr\/technical-note\/intracerebral-microdialysis\/","title":{"rendered":"in vivo Neurochemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-2-xl-font-size\">Sygnature Discovery is a leading provider of intracerebral microdialysis services in rats and mice using passive methodologies and has just introduced the use of cerebral open flow microperfusion technology as part of its neurochemistry offering. Our dedicated team of experts have been conducting microdialysis studies for more than 20 years and can design bespoke studies to meet clients\u2019 precise needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-xl-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">Microdialysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Microdialysis <\/strong>is a technique which studies the effects of drugs on free concentrations of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in different brain regions of freely moving or anaesthetized rodents. Typically, these studies evaluate the mode of action and\/or efficacy of candidate compounds with potential for the treatment of CNS and metabolic disorders by characterizing their effects on neurochemistry in normal rodents and\/or rodent models of a disease state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-xl-font-size\">Cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion (cOFM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>cOFM<\/strong> is an evolution of microdialysis that replaces the membrane at the tip of the probe with an open matrix, allowing direct sampling of the interstitial fluid as opposed to the passive diffusion method utilized by standard microdialysis. This in turn allows for greater recovery of analytes. The materials the cOFM probes are made from are designed to be as low bind as possible, allowing better recovery of lipophilic compounds and endogenous analytes. Their materials are also more inert than the membranes of traditional microdialysis probes meaning tissue reactivity to cOFM probes is minimal, significantly reducing glial scarring associated with long term implantation. This lends them to being ideal for PK\/PD assessments as the disruption to the blood-brain barrier from implantation can be left to heal prior to sampling (recommended 2\u2011week recovery period for complete healing of BBB) leading to better compartmentalization between ISF, CSF and plasma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"918\" height=\"761\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image.webp\" alt=\"Four time\u2011course line graphs showing extracellular neurotransmitter levels in rats measured by microdialysis. Panels display dopamine, noradrenaline, 5\u2011hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), and d\u2011amphetamine concentrations over time following intraperitoneal d\u2011amphetamine administration. Data compare conventional microdialysis (CMA) and cerebral open\u2011flow microperfusion (cOFM) using saline or d\u2011amphetamine treatment. cOFM shows higher analyte recovery and peak responses than CMA across all analytes.\" class=\"wp-image-16754\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image.webp 918w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-300x249.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-768x637.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-434x360.webp 434w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-640x531.webp 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 918px) 100vw, 918px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-sm-font-size\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">Results are adjusted means; n=6 (CMA) n=5-6 (cOFM). SEMs are calculated from the residuals of the statistical model. Comparisons to vehicle for each probe are by the multiple t test. Significant differences vs vehicle: *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001.\u00a0 Comparisons to the CMA probe (\u2020p&lt;0.05, \u2020\u2020p&lt;0.01, \u2020\u2020\u2020p&lt;0.001) are by a mixed linear model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-2-xl-font-size\">High-Sensitivity Neurochemical Analysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Our experts use high sensitivity UHPLC and HPLC with electrochemical detection (ALEXYS\u2122) or mass spectrometry (Thermo Scientific TSQ Altis) to measure:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dopamine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Noradrenaline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Serotonin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monoamine metabolites<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glutamate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acetylcholine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>And others <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\" modaltype=\"\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/contact\/\">Contact us for further details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"  padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40); border-color:#FFFFFF;border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px;border-width:10px;\">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row-background absolute w-full bottom-0 left-0 z-0 h-full has-ivory-000-background-color\" style=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  w-full\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-2-xl-font-size\">Customizable Study Design<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For either microdialysis or cOFM studies, the design is customizable to the clients\u2019 needs including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sampling can be conducted for up to 3 days following drug administration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Single or dual probe studies in rats<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Single-probe studies<\/strong> measure the effects of drugs on multiple neurotransmitters and their metabolites from a single region of interest in the same study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dual-probe studies<\/strong> allow investigation multiple brain areas simultaneously in the same study.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-2-xl-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Integrated PK\/PD and Behavioral Assessment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Our model also makes it possible to combine rat neurochemistry with behavioral assessment (using the Ethovision software, Noldus or Raturn, BASi) and automated stress-free blood sampling (using the Culex Bambino\/Raturn System; BASi) for PK measurements to generate a detailed PK\/PD assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:90%\"><section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"   \">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  w-full\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-style-rounded-large is-style-rounded-large--1\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"823\" height=\"647\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-2.webp\" alt=\"Line graph showing behavioural activity and striatal dopamine levels over time following intraperitoneal d\u2011amphetamine administration (1.5\u202fmg\/kg) in rats. Behavioural activity, measured using the Raturn on Culex system, is shown as total movement duration per 15\u2011minute interval, alongside striatal dopamine levels expressed as percentage of baseline. Both measures increase rapidly after dosing, peak within the first hour, and then gradually return toward baseline over several hours.\" class=\"wp-image-16769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-2.webp 823w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-2-300x236.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-2-768x604.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-2-458x360.webp 458w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-2-640x503.webp 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 823px) 100vw, 823px\"><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:90%\"><section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"   \">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  w-full\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-style-rounded-large is-style-rounded-large--2\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"932\" height=\"795\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-2.webp\" alt=\"Multi\u2011panel time\u2011course plots showing behavioural measures quantified using the EthoVision system following intraperitoneal ketamine administration (100\u202fmg\/kg) compared with vehicle in rats. Panels display distance moved, velocity, meander, rotations, shifting behaviour, rearing behaviour, digging behaviour, grooming behaviour, and resting behaviour over time. EthoVision enables high\u2011resolution behavioural analysis beyond basic locomotor activity, revealing distinct, time\u2011dependent effects of ketamine across multiple behavioural domains.\" class=\"wp-image-16756\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-2.webp 932w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-2-300x256.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-2-768x655.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-2-422x360.webp 422w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-2-640x546.webp 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 932px) 100vw, 932px\"><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-2-xl-font-size\">Maximizing Value From Neurochemistry Samples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Samples generated from neurochemistry studies can also be used to look at the recovery and measurement of free drug concentrations in the brain, or to measure drug and neurotransmitter levels in the same dialysate sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:80%\"><section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"   \">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  container\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-style-rounded-large is-style-rounded-large--3\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"486\" height=\"317\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-3.webp\" alt=\"Line graph showing time\u2011dependent changes in d\u2011amphetamine and dopamine levels in the rat nucleus accumbens following drug administration. d\u2011Amphetamine concentrations (left y\u2011axis) and extracellular dopamine levels (right y\u2011axis) increase rapidly after dosing, peak within the first hour, and then decline gradually over time, demonstrating a temporal relationship between drug exposure and dopamine release.\" class=\"wp-image-16757\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-3.webp 486w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/image-3-300x196.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 486px) 100vw, 486px\"><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-2-xl-font-size\">Applications in Abuse Liability Assessment <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Neurochemistry plays a critical role in assessing abuse liability. Many drugs of abuse are associated with increased extracellular dopamine in the rat nucleus accumbens. Using microdialysis, we can monitor how novel treatments for substance use disorders influence this response, or whether a novel drug is likely to possess abuse potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"369\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/intracerebral-microdialysis-neurotransmitter-profiling-1-1024x369.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16772\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/intracerebral-microdialysis-neurotransmitter-profiling-1-1024x369.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/intracerebral-microdialysis-neurotransmitter-profiling-1-300x108.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/intracerebral-microdialysis-neurotransmitter-profiling-1-768x277.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/intracerebral-microdialysis-neurotransmitter-profiling-1-1536x553.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/intracerebral-microdialysis-neurotransmitter-profiling-1-1920x692.webp 1920w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/intracerebral-microdialysis-neurotransmitter-profiling-1-640x231.webp 640w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/intracerebral-microdialysis-neurotransmitter-profiling-1.webp 1979w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-sm-font-size\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">Data are means; n=5-10. Vertical arrows indicate time of drug administration (0 min). Significant differences vs vehicle: *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-lg-font-size\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/contact\/\">Contact us<\/a> to discuss how intracerebral microdialysis or cOFM could support your CNS program.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discover precise insights into brain neurochemistry with Sygnature Discovery&rsquo;s in vivo microdialysis and cOFM services. With over 20 years of expertise, we design bespoke studies that reveal how compounds modulate neurotransmitter systems in health and disease. Using UHPLC\/HPLC with electrochemical detection or mass spectrometry, we deliver robust PK\/PD data to support confident CNS decision making. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":16768,"template":"","category":[735,685,753,688],"resource_tag":[],"class_list":["post-3168","technical-note","type-technical-note","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cns-pain-models","category-in-vivo-pharmacology","category-neuroscience","category-therapeutic-areas"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>In Vivo Neurochemistry Services | Microdialysis &amp; cOFM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bespoke in vivo neurochemistry studies using microdialysis and cOFM to deliver sensitive neurotransmitter and PK\/PD insights.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta 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