{"id":16945,"date":"2024-04-23T13:50:13","date_gmt":"2024-04-23T13:50:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-neurodegeneration\/"},"modified":"2024-04-23T13:50:13","modified_gmt":"2024-04-23T13:50:13","slug":"mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-neurodegeneration","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/fr\/blog\/mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-neurodegeneration\/","title":{"rendered":"The Energy Crisis in Brain Cells: The Pivotal Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\">Modulating mitochondrial function is an important approach to treating neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, researchers in both Industry and Academia are actively exploring pharmacological interventions focused on enhancing mitochondrial function through various pathways, such as elevating metabolic-related status, improving electron transport chain efficiency, recovering mitochondrial depolarization, decreasing oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, and promoting mitophagy. The <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW212804570 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mitoworld.org\/research\/industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW212804570 BCX0\">MitochondriaWorld<\/span><\/a><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\">\u2122 platform is an excellent resource that shows that both large <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\">harma (<\/span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW212804570 BCX0\">e.g<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\">, <\/span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW212804570 BCX0\">Abbvie<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\">, Lilly, <\/span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW212804570 BCX0\">JnJ<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\">) and small <\/span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW212804570 BCX0\">b<\/span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW212804570 BCX0\">iotechs<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\"> (e.g. Mission Therapeutics, Pretzel Therapeutics, <\/span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW212804570 BCX0\">MitoRx<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212804570 BCX0\"> Therapeutics) are actively pursuing therapeutic approaches to improving mitochondrial health.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW212804570 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Read on to find out about:<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Central Role of Mitochondria in Brain Function<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Critical Role of Mitochondrial Health in Neuronal Survival<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Link Between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Diseases<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Mitochondria as a Target for Therapeutic Intervention<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Advanced Assays for Mitochondrial Research<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Future Perspectives in Neurodegeneration Treatment<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188676934 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188676934 BCX0\">Mitochondria, a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188676934 BCX0\">n<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188676934 BCX0\"> organelle crucial for brain <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188676934 BCX0\">function<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188676934 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The brain is indispensable to every aspect of human life, influencing our thoughts, actions, emotions, and physical well-being. It is the control centre for various bodily functions, including, but not limited to, motor function, sensory processing, broad body homeostasis (eg., body temperature, respiratory, and cardiovascular function), and endocrine system control. To carry out these functions, the brain requires continuous maintenance, adaptation, refinement, and, therefore, an energy source.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondria are the primary organelles responsible for energy production. Mitochondria are highly active organelles that can change their function and dynamically adapt to a cell\u2019s metabolic needs. These properties of mitochondria are essential given their critical role in distinct mechanisms, including brain development, synapse formation, cellular differentiation, receptor anchorage, neurotransmitter vesicular transport, exocytosis, synaptic pruning, and neuronal plasticity.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Gaining insight into mitochondrial behaviour \u2014 both when they\u2019re functioning properly and when they\u2019re not (dysfunction) \u2014 is key for developing new treatments for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders. Given the high energy demands of neurons, they are particularly sensitive to changes in energy supply. A lack of sufficient energy can damage or lose function in these critical brain cells. Therefore, it\u2019s crucial to understand how mitochondria contribute to this process.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW220036735 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW220036735 BCX0\">Mitochondria<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW220036735 BCX0\">: The powerhouses of the cell<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW220036735 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cells generate their primary energy source, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in the mitochondria. These organelles play a crucial role in energy metabolism and are essential for the survival and functioning of nearly all eukaryotic cells.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondria produce ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. In this process, several mitochondrial complexes, called the mitochondrial respiratory chain, are involved in the movement of electrons, leading to ATP generation and maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Maintaining the MMP is crucial in controlling intracellular calcium levels in neurons by absorbing excess ions and ensuring appropriate calcium balance.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In addition to generating ATP, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). While normal levels of ROS have signalling functions (such as in cellular proliferation, neuronal pruning, oxygen sensing and response to stress and inflammation), excessive production can lead to oxidative stress resulting in changes in MMP, calcium levels and energy production.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW120778806 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW120778806 BCX0\">Mitochondria and Neurodegeneration<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW120778806 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Neurons, highly specialized cells, must maintain their energy supply, calcium levels, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance to preserve their homeostasis and ensure survival. Disruption in calcium homeostasis, commonly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, can lead to neuronal excitotoxicity and cell death. Additionally, oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between excessive ROS production and the cell\u2019s antioxidant defences, is a prevalent factor in neurodegenerative diseases, contributing significantly to neuronal damage.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Given that in many neurodegenerative disorders, there is neuronal death, the role of mitochondria is pivotal (Figure 1). This includes disorders such as Alzheimer`s Disease (AD), Huntington`s Disease (HD), Parkinson`s Disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17170\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pivotol-role-of-mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-neurodegeneration.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<p><em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\">Figure 1: Schematic representation of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\">the pivotal role of mitochondria<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\">l dysfunction in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\"> neurodegeneration<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\">. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\">Mitochondrial dysfunction described in neurodegenerative diseases may be related to several factors<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\">, including increased oxidative stress, reduced mitochondrial complex levels and activity, dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, reduced ATP levels, and changes in mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion processes), morphology, <\/span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW156767820 BCX0\">mtDNA<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\"> copy number, and mass. Figure<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\"> created in <\/span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW156767820 BCX0\">BioRender<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW156767820 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW156767820 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW67466311 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67466311 BCX0\">Mitochondrial Dynamics<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67466311 BCX0\"> and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67466311 BCX0\">Biogenesis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW67466311 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondrial dynamics, which include the processes of fusion and fission, along with biogenesis, play a vital role in preserving the health of mitochondria in cells. This is particularly important in neurons, which require large amounts of energy. The ability of mitochondria to merge (fusion) and divide (fission) ensures that they can maintain an optimal condition and quantity to meet the cell\u2019s energy demands.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondrial fusion<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> allows for the exchange of genetic and protein material between mitochondria, promoting the mixing of healthy components and rescuing damaged ones.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondrial fission<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, however, facilitates the removal of damaged or dysfunctional parts of mitochondria through processes like mitophagy (see below).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondrial biogenesis<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, is the process by which new mitochondria are generated within cells. This involves the replication of mitochondrial DNA and the synthesis of proteins required for mitochondrial function. It is an essential mechanism for replenishing the mitochondrial pool.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is well known that abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics can lead to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, increased oxidative stress, and neuronal damage.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Reduced biogenesis may compromise the cell\u2019s ability to replace damaged mitochondria, accumulating dysfunctional organelles. This decline in mitochondrial turnover contributes to energy deficits, impaired cellular function, and increased vulnerability to stressors, all of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Understanding and targeting these aspects of mitochondrial function are active research areas for potential therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative disorders. Strategies aimed at promoting mitochondrial health, mitophagy (see below), and biogenesis may offer promising avenues to slow the progression of these conditions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW21575047 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21575047 BCX0\">Mitophagy: Quality Control of Mitochondria through Autophagy<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Enhancing mitophagy has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. This includes modulating vital regulatory proteins involved in this process. Mitophagy is a specific autophagy that explicitly targets damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria. The relevance of mitophagy to neurodegeneration is significant, as it plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial quality and cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of mitophagy may lead to the accumulation of defective mitochondria, contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Of relevance, the accumulation of damaged mitochondria contributes to oxidative stress, impaired energy production, and increased vulnerability to cellular damage in neurons.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Several key proteins and regulatory pathways, including PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) and Parkin, orchestrate mitophagy. In Parkinson\u2019s disease, for instance, mutations in such genes are directly linked to the disease, the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and the aggregation of alpha-synuclein. In Alzheimer\u2019s disease, disruptions in mitophagy contribute to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, leading to increased oxidative stress and neuronal dysfunction, and may contribute to the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Assays to Interrogate Mitochondrial Function<\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Given the fundamental role of mitochondria in cell health and the focus of mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics for treating neurodegeneration, high quality and robust assays that interrogate mitochondrial function are important. Examples of assays and endpoints that are necessary to understand mitochondrial function and health are listed below.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ATP\/ADP levels measurement<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">NAD\/NADH levels measurement<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Pyruvate\/Lactate measurement\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Oxygen Consumption Rate\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Extracellular Acidification Rate<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cytosolic calcium levels measurement\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondrial membrane potential measurement<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">General oxidative stress levels measurement<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondrial superoxide levels measurement<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lipid Peroxidation levels measurement\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondrial fission\/fusion levels evaluation\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondrial Biogenesis levels evaluation<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitophagy<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW159363170 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159363170 BCX0\">Levels of the main metabolites related to mitochondrial <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159363170 BCX0\">energy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW159363170 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">By monitoring specific metabolites, we can infer the mitochondrial respiratory chain\u2019s efficiency and the cells\u2019 overall metabolic state, since the primary function of mitochondria is to generate the energy necessary for various cellular activities. This information can be crucial for understanding disease mechanisms, especially in neurodegenerative diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark, and for evaluating the potential efficacy of new therapeutic compounds targeting cellular metabolism.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">To assess the bioenergetic health of cell cultures, the levels of several key energy-related metabolites can be measured (Figure 2). These include:<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ATP:<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> The direct source of energy for cellular processes. Its abundance gives us a snapshot of the cell\u2019s immediate energy supply.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide):<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> A coenzyme that plays a critical role in energy production. It is a major electron donor in the production of ATP and serves as an indicator of oxidative stress and the metabolic state of the cell.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Pyruvate:<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> A key molecule in several metabolic pathways, but most notably, it marks the end product of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the mitochondria to be further processed for ATP production.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props='{\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769226\":\"Symbol\",\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\uf0b7\",\"469777815\":\"hybridMultilevel\"}' aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lactate:<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Typically produced from pyruvate under anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is limited). Lactate levels can indicate a shift in cellular metabolism, such as when cells rely on glycolysis instead of oxidative phospho<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rylation for energy production.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-17171 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ATP-ADP_JPEG-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\"><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-17172 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/NADH-NAD_JPEG-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-17173 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pyruvate-Lactate_JPEG.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"294\"><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\">Figure <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\">2<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\">: Representative bar graphics of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\">ATP, ADP, NADH, NAD+, Pyruvate and Lactate levels<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\"> on Rotenone-treated SHSY5Y cells. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\">Data<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\">wa<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\">s normalized <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\">Data was<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92987024 BCX0\"> expressed as a percentage of the control group.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW40382285 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40382285 BCX0\">Oxygen Consumption Rate and Metabolic status<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW40382285 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mitochondria produce ATP through a series of chemical reactions known as cellular respiration, which includes the electron transport chain. The efficiency of these processes is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis that allows cells to live and function. Importantly, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, calcium homeostasis, and oxidative stress are frequently associated with alterations in cellular respiration.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Seahorse instrument measures Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR). This platform allows the measurement of several mitochondrial respiration steps, namely basal respiration, maximum respiration and spare respiratory capacity (Figure 3).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-17174\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OCR_JPEG-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\">Figure <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\">3<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\">: Representative line and bar graphics of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\">Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) on Rotenone-treated SHSY5Y cells. As recommended, different pharmacological agents were injected <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\">throughout<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\"> the assay, named Oligomycin (Oli) (1.5 \u00b5M), FCCP (1 \u00b5M), and a mix of Rotenone and Antimycin A (Rot\/AA) (0.5 \u00b5M). <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\">OCR <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\">was<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\"> normalized by cell number after cellular incubation with DAPI<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139856260 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW139856260 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW26163392 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26163392 BCX0\">Assessing Mitochondrial Functional Parameters via Kinetic Experiments<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW26163392 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In mitochondrial research, kinetic experiments play a pivotal role in unveiling the complexities of mitochondrial function. These assays, characterized by their robustness, reproducibility, and validation, are instrumental in assessing the dynamical functional parameters of mitochondria. Employing fluorescence probes adaptable across diverse plate reader platforms, we can meticulously track changes in mitochondrial behaviour over time (Figure 4). This method enables the precise evaluation of mitochondrial functional status of healthy (control) and disease-affected cells (Figure 4).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is crucial to optimize each probe for use in different cell types, and to include reference compounds, such as carbonyl cyanide 4-phenylhydrazone (FCCP) (Figure 4). FCCP is a mitochondrial protonophore, which can depolarize the mitochondrial membrane potential, releasing mitochondrial calcium into the cytosol, and inducing an increase in oxidative stress.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-17177 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fluo-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"736\" height=\"435\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17178\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/TMRE.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em>Figure 4: Representative line and bar graphics of control (healthy) and diseased fibroblasts incubated with Fluo-3-AM and TMRE. Kinetics readings in the absence and presence of FCCP. Data was expressed as a percentage of the control group. PD37: Parkinson`s Disease cell line.<\/em><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">By quantifying these temporal changes, our approach provides a comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial functionality under various physiological conditions, offering critical insights for advancing our knowledge of mitochondrial contributions to cellular health and disease.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239175827 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml_lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239175827 BCX0\">Conclusion: Navigating the Future of Neurodegeneration Treatment through Mitochondrial Health<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW239175827 BCX0\" data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">As we delve into the complexities of neurodegenerative diseases, it becomes increasingly clear that mitochondria play a central role in the vitality of brain cells and the pathogenesis of these conditions. Our exploration of mitochondrial function, dynamics, biogenesis, and quality control mechanisms, underscores the intricate link between mitochondrial health and preserving neuronal integrity.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">As highlighted in resources like the MitochondriaWorld\u2122 platform, the burgeoning field of mitochondrial research reveals a concerted effort by the scientific community to uncover targeted therapies that can restore or enhance mitochondrial function. This endeavour is not just about combatting the symptoms of neurodegeneration but fundamentally understanding and addressing the underlying mechanisms that lead to neuronal decline.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover, <span style=\"color: #00ccff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #00ccff;\" href=\"https:\/\/info.sygnaturediscovery.com\/mitochondrial-function\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing and utilising sophisticated assays and techniques for mitochondrial analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/span> signifies a pivotal shift in our approach to neurodegenerative disease research. By assessing mitochondrial parameters, such as ATP production, oxygen consumption and oxidative stress levels, we deepen our understanding of these diseases and pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">We remain hopeful as we continue to unravel the mysteries of mitochondrial function. The collaborative efforts of researchers and the ongoing advancements in mitochondrial science hold promise for developing innovative, effective treatments that can significantly improve the lives of those affected by these debilitating conditions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><strong>About the author<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17182 size-medium alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Bio_TR-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\"><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span style=\"color: #00ccff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #00ccff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/sygnature-discovery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Follow Sygnature Discovery on LinkedIn<\/a><\/strong><\/span> to watch Tatiana\u2019s 5 part video series, <em>#MitochondriaUnlocked<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tatiana Rosenstock has had an exceptional career and has made significant contributions to the field of Neuroscience for 20+ years. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">H<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">er work has focused on topics such as mitochondrial deregulation, transcription deregulation, and autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington\u2019s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Schizophrenia.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">At Sygnature Discovery, Tatiana is a Principal Scientist overseeing various neuroscience-related projects in different sub-areas such as metabolism (mitochondrial function), biomarkers, microglial function and activation, and neuroplasticity. During this period, she has been working with distinct in-vitro models, named<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/news-and-events\/news\/sygnature-discovery-collaborates-with-axol-bioscience-to-utilize-human-ipsc-derived-microglial-cells-in-high-content-imaging-drug-discovery-screening-workflows\/\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">iPSC-derived neurons<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, primary cortical neurons, Alzheimer`s and Parkinson`s disease fibroblasts, neuroblastomas cell lines, tissue and biofluids from transgenics animal models of Alzheimer`s disease.<\/span><span data-ccp-props='{\"134233117\":true,\"134233118\":true,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":240}'>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":16946,"template":"","category":[817,818],"class_list":["post-16945","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-domaines-therapeutiques","category-neuroscience"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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