{"id":16866,"date":"2026-05-15T12:24:11","date_gmt":"2026-05-15T12:24:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=16866"},"modified":"2026-05-15T12:37:52","modified_gmt":"2026-05-15T12:37:52","slug":"preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/fr\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse\/","title":{"rendered":"Craving and Relapse in Addiction: Preclinical Models That Drive Discovery"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div x-data='subNav({\"anchor_map\":{\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\\\/blog\\\/drug-addiction-a-public-health-issue\\\/\":\"Part 1: Introduction\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\\\/blog\\\/substance-use-intoxication-binge-insights-from-preclinical-models\\\/\":\"Part 2: Intoxication \",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\\\/blog\\\/preclinical-models-of-substance-use-withdrawal\\\/\":\"Part 3: Withdrawal\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\\\/blog\\\/preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse\\\/\":\"Part 4: Craving\"}})' id=\"pegasus-subnav\" class=\"SubNav w-full text-content-tertiary \" false x-cloak style=\"\">\n    <div x-ref=\"fixedNav\" class=\"SubNav__bar w-full h-[var(--subnav-height)] z-page-header whitespace-nowrap border-t border-grey-200 container flex items-center justify-between shadow-sm\">\n\n                    <!-- Desktop Navigation (tablet and up) -->\n            <div class=\"flex items-center min-w-0 flex-1 mr-4\">\n                                    <div class=\"flex items-center gap-x-3 mr-4 sm:mr-8 pr-4 sm:pr-8 md:border-r md:border-grey-200 flex-shrink-0\">\n                        \n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/in-vivo-pharmacology\/cns-and-pain-models\/\" class=\"wp-block-button wp-block-button is-style-back-chevron text-content-primary \">\n                                <span class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button bg-ivory-300 text-content-primary rounded-full\">CNS &amp; Pain Models<\/span>\n                            <\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                \n                <div class=\"hidden md:block min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden relative\">\n                    <div class=\"nav-container-wrapper\">\n                        <ul x-ref=\"navList\" class=\"flex flex-row items-center !m-0 !list-none gap-8 !py-4 overflow-x-auto scrollbar-hide pr-16\">\n                                                            <li class=\"!m-0 !p-0 !list-none flex-shrink-0\">\n                                    <div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-text-link\">\n                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/drug-addiction-a-public-health-issue\/\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button has-text-sm-font-size px-2 whitespace-nowrap after:bg-transparent \" :class=\"currentLink === 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/drug-addiction-a-public-health-issue\/' || 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/drug-addiction-a-public-health-issue\/' === window.location.href ? '-active' : ''\">\n                                            Part 1: Introduction\n                                        <\/a>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/li>\n                                                            <li class=\"!m-0 !p-0 !list-none flex-shrink-0\">\n                                    <div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-text-link\">\n                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/substance-use-intoxication-binge-insights-from-preclinical-models\/\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button has-text-sm-font-size px-2 whitespace-nowrap after:bg-transparent \" :class=\"currentLink === 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/substance-use-intoxication-binge-insights-from-preclinical-models\/' || 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/substance-use-intoxication-binge-insights-from-preclinical-models\/' === window.location.href ? '-active' : ''\">\n                                            Part 2: Intoxication \n                                        <\/a>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/li>\n                                                            <li class=\"!m-0 !p-0 !list-none flex-shrink-0\">\n                                    <div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-text-link\">\n                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-substance-use-withdrawal\/\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button has-text-sm-font-size px-2 whitespace-nowrap after:bg-transparent \" :class=\"currentLink === 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-substance-use-withdrawal\/' || 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-substance-use-withdrawal\/' === window.location.href ? '-active' : ''\">\n                                            Part 3: Withdrawal\n                                        <\/a>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/li>\n                                                            <li class=\"!m-0 !p-0 !list-none flex-shrink-0\">\n                                    <div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-text-link\">\n                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse\/\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button has-text-sm-font-size px-2 whitespace-nowrap after:bg-transparent \" :class=\"currentLink === 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse\/' || 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse\/' === window.location.href ? '-active' : ''\">\n                                            Part 4: Craving\n                                        <\/a>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/li>\n                                                    <\/ul>\n                        \n                        <div x-ref=\"scrollIndicator\" class=\"scroll-indicator\" x-show=\"showScrollIndicator\" x-transition:enter=\"transition ease-out duration-500\" x-transition:enter-start=\"opacity-0 transform translate-x-full\" x-transition:enter-end=\"opacity-100 transform translate-x-0\">\n                            <svg class=\"chevron-icon w-4 h-4\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                                <path d=\"M5.65306 3.53025L10.6531 8.53025C10.7227 8.60018 10.7775 8.68297 10.8154 8.77414C10.8533 8.8653 10.8735 8.96304 10.8735 9.06175C10.8735 9.16046 10.8533 9.2582 10.8154 9.34936C10.7775 9.44053 10.7227 9.52332 10.6531 9.59325L5.65306 14.5932C5.51217 14.7341 5.32107 14.8133 5.12181 14.8133C4.92255 14.8133 4.73145 14.7341 4.59056 14.5932C4.44966 14.4523 4.37051 14.2612 4.37051 14.062C4.37051 13.8627 4.44966 13.6716 4.59056 13.5307L9.06294 9.06175L4.59056 4.59325C4.44966 4.45236 4.37051 4.26126 4.37051 4.062C4.37051 3.86274 4.44966 3.67164 4.59056 3.53075C4.73145 3.38985 4.92255 3.3107 5.12181 3.3107C5.32107 3.3107 5.51217 3.38985 5.65306 3.53075V3.53025Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <!-- Mobile menu button -->\n            <button x-ref=\"navMenuButton\" type=\"button\" class=\"flex justify-center items-center py-2 whitespace-nowrap pl-5 pr-2.5 ml-auto md:hidden\" aria-label=\"Show more navigation items\" :aria-expanded=\"mobileSubMenuOpen\">\n                <span class=\"sr-only pr-2 inline-block\">More<\/span>\n\n                <svg class=\"transition duration-500 ease-in-out\" :class=\"mobileSubMenuOpen ? 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'bg-blue-50 text-blue-700 font-medium' : ''\" false>\n                                        Part 1: Introduction\n                                    <\/a>\n                                <\/li>\n                                                            <li class=\"!m-0 !p-0 !list-none\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/substance-use-intoxication-binge-insights-from-preclinical-models\/\" class=\"block px-4 py-3 rounded-lg text-sm text-gray-700 hover:bg-ivory-300 transition-colors duration-150 focus:outline-none focus:bg-ivory-300 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-inset focus:ring-blue-500 \" :class=\"currentLink === 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/substance-use-intoxication-binge-insights-from-preclinical-models\/' || 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/substance-use-intoxication-binge-insights-from-preclinical-models\/' === window.location.href ? 'bg-blue-50 text-blue-700 font-medium' : ''\" false>\n                                        Part 2: Intoxication \n                                    <\/a>\n                                <\/li>\n                                                            <li class=\"!m-0 !p-0 !list-none\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-substance-use-withdrawal\/\" class=\"block px-4 py-3 rounded-lg text-sm text-gray-700 hover:bg-ivory-300 transition-colors duration-150 focus:outline-none focus:bg-ivory-300 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-inset focus:ring-blue-500 \" :class=\"currentLink === 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-substance-use-withdrawal\/' || 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-substance-use-withdrawal\/' === window.location.href ? 'bg-blue-50 text-blue-700 font-medium' : ''\" false>\n                                        Part 3: Withdrawal\n                                    <\/a>\n                                <\/li>\n                                                            <li class=\"!m-0 !p-0 !list-none\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse\/\" class=\"block px-4 py-3 rounded-lg text-sm text-gray-700 hover:bg-ivory-300 transition-colors duration-150 focus:outline-none focus:bg-ivory-300 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-inset focus:ring-blue-500 \" :class=\"currentLink === 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse\/' || 'https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-craving-and-relapse\/' === window.location.href ? 'bg-blue-50 text-blue-700 font-medium' : ''\" false>\n                                        Part 4: Craving\n                                    <\/a>\n                                <\/li>\n                                                    <\/ul>\n\n                                                    <div class=\"mt-10 pb-5 \">\n                                \n        <div class=\"wp-block-button SubNav__ctaButton wp-block-button btn-primary dark mb-4 sm:mb-0 rounded-full inline-flex\">\n            <a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/contact\/\">Get in touch<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \n                            <\/div>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-2-xl-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Why Craving Drives Relapse in Substance Use Disorders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the greatest challenges in sustaining abstinence for people with substance use disorders is intense drug craving. These cravings are often triggered by exposure to social and special cues such as people, places or activities associated with prior drug use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cue-reward associated are a normal part of human behavior. Everyday examples include craving coffee when passing a caf\u00e9, wanting sweets at a shop checkout, or checking our phone in response to a notification. However, in substance use disorders, these learned associations can trigger powerful cravings that drive relapse back to drug use. As a result, reducing cravings it a potential target in treating substance use disorder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-2-xl-font-size\">Modelling Cue-Induced Craving in Preclinical Studies <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cue-induced craving can be modelled in animals using a <strong>reinstatement paradigm<\/strong>. In these studies, animals are first trained to self-administer drugs where animals are required to perform a behavior to obtain the drug. Access to the drug is then removed and, over time, the rats learn that their behavior no longer provides the drug. Once drug-seeking behavior has declined, specific cues are reintroduced to reinstate response, even in the absence of reward. Lever pressing or nose-poking during this phase provides a measurable readout of craving-driven drug seeking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-xl-font-size\">Key Triggers Used in Reinstatement Models <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Three main classes of cues are used to reinstate drug-seeking behavior in animals, reflecting clinically relevant relapse triggers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Drug-induced reinstatement <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Exposure to the drug itself can trigger craving. For example, if rats that had access to cocaine are given a single cocaine injection, they will lever press even if it doesn\u2019t give access to more cocaine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Environmental cue-induced reinstatement <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">In this model, drug delivery during the training is paired with an environmental cue. The environmental cue can vary but often a flashing light or audible tone are used. Re-exposure to these cues alone during abstinence reinstates drug-seeking behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Stress-induced reinstatement <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Stress can be used as a cue for drug seeking. This can be observed in people who comfort eat or drink alcohol following a stressful day. Similarly, stress can reinstate drug seeking in animal models. Stress can be applied to the rat through physical means, such as foot shocks, or pharmacologically using compounds such as yohimbine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-width:10px;border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard  has-ivory-000-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"   border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px;border-width:10px;\">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row-background absolute w-full bottom-0 left-0 z-0 h-full has-ivory-000-background-color\" style=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  w-full\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" allowchildrentofillwidth=\"\" overflow=\"\" flexwrap=\"\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full has-custom-border\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"413\" height=\"258\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/cue-induced-dug-seeking-reinstatement-model.webp\" alt=\"Illustration of a rat in a behavioural chamber showing how drug, environmental, and stress cues can trigger cue\u2011induced drug\u2011seeking in a reinstatement model.\" class=\"wp-image-16695\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/cue-induced-dug-seeking-reinstatement-model.webp 413w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/cue-induced-dug-seeking-reinstatement-model-300x187.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-sm-font-size\"><em><em><em><em><em>Lever pressing can be induced in rats that have previously had access to a drug with abuse potential by exposure to the drug, environmental cues or stress cues.<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10)\">Just as simultaneous cues can cause increased craving in people, combining these cues can increase drug seeking in animals.\u00a0 For example, pairing a drug cue with environmental cues can have a synergistic effect that results in exaggerated drug seeking behaviors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-blue-300-color has-text-color has-link-color has-text-2-5-xl-font-size wp-elements-43a4f1c3181227ddc0878aab877d0fd2\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><strong>Case Study: Reducing Nicotine Craving in a Reinstatement Model Using Varenicline<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At Sygnature Discovery, we tested whether varenicline, an approved smoking cessation therapy, would decrease drug seeking in our nicotine reinstatement model. In the clinic, varenicline reduces cravings for nicotine products. We validated our reinstatement model with a clinically relevant control so that it can be utilized in assessing efficacy of novel treatments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rats were implanted with a jugular vein catheter for efficient drug delivery. Rats were then given daily access to a lever, which when pressed administer a small dose of nicotine. Every delivery of nicotine was paired with a tone and light cue. Rats quickly associated the lever with the nicotine reward and were performing approximately 80 lever presses during each 1.5-hour session.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the abstinence phase, both nicotine and the associated cue were removed, leading to a reduction in response to less than 20 lever presses per session. Finally, the tone and light cues were reintroduced, and rats were administered a single nicotine dose before each session. To assess the ability of varenicline at reducing nicotine cravings, vehicle or varenicline was administered in combination with the nicotine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In vehicle-treated rats, presentation of the conditioned cues induced lever pressing comparable to those seen during nicotine availability, despite no drug being delivered. In contract, varenicline-treated rats markedly reduced lever pressing in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest dose, rats performed, on average, on one lever press per session.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These results confirm that varenicline reduced nicotine-seeking behavior is response to drug and environmental cues, closely mirroring its clinical effects in people with nicotine use disorder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-width:10px;border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard  has-ivory-000-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"   border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px;border-width:10px;\">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row-background absolute w-full bottom-0 left-0 z-0 h-full has-ivory-000-background-color\" style=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  w-full\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" allowchildrentofillwidth=\"\" overflow=\"\" flexwrap=\"\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full has-custom-border\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"980\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/varenicline-reduces-nicotine-seeking-reinstatement.webp\" alt=\"Bar chart showing mean active lever presses in rats during nicotine access, extinction, and cue\u2011induced reinstatement, demonstrating dose\u2011dependent reduction in nicotine\u2011seeking behaviour following varenicline treatment.\" class=\"wp-image-16696\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/varenicline-reduces-nicotine-seeking-reinstatement.webp 980w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/varenicline-reduces-nicotine-seeking-reinstatement-300x196.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/varenicline-reduces-nicotine-seeking-reinstatement-768x502.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/varenicline-reduces-nicotine-seeking-reinstatement-551x360.webp 551w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/varenicline-reduces-nicotine-seeking-reinstatement-640x418.webp 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-sm-font-size\"><em><em><em><em><em><em>Mean active lever presses per session when responding for; 1) nicotine with paired cues 2) no nicotine access or cues (lever presses are counted but have no response) 3) reinstatement following vehicle pre-treatment 4) reinstatement following varenicline (0.1, 1 % 3 mg\/kg) pre-treatment. *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01 versus vehicle pre-treatment.<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"  padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50); \">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row-background absolute w-full bottom-0 left-0 z-0 h-full has-ivory-300-background-color\" style=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  w-full\">\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\" allowchildrentofillwidth=\"\" overflow=\"\" flexwrap=\"\"><div x-data=\"tabButtons\" x-init=\"initTabButtons('nottingham')\" class=\"TabButtons aligncenter wp-elements-01b8cb86eadb14cb59abfda0fe2c5655\">\n\n            \n            <div class=\"TabButtons__inner p-1 inline-flex w-fit space-x-1 rounded-full justify-between items-center overflow-auto no-scrollbar has--font-size\" style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">\n                                                                        <button type=\"button\" name=\"nottingham\" x-show=\"activeTab == 'nottingham'\" x-cloak class=\"TabButtons__button w-auto px-6 h-9 font-normal font-body leading-none rounded-full pointer-events-none whitespace-nowrap transition-colors ease-in-out\" style=\"background-color:#f9f2e8; \">\n                                <span>Addiction Research Series<\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                        <button type=\"button\" x-on:click=\"showTab('nottingham');\" x-show=\"activeTab != 'nottingham'\" class=\"TabButtons__button w-auto px-6 h-9 font-normal font-body leading-none rounded-full whitespace-nowrap transition-colors ease-in-out  \" style=\" color: #002b46 \">\n                            <span>Addiction Research Series<\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                                                                                <button type=\"button\" name=\"glasgow\" x-show=\"activeTab == 'glasgow'\" x-cloak class=\"TabButtons__button w-auto px-6 h-9 font-normal font-body leading-none rounded-full pointer-events-none whitespace-nowrap transition-colors ease-in-out\" style=\"background-color:#f9f2e8; \">\n                                <span>CNS &amp; Pain Models<\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                        <button type=\"button\" x-on:click=\"showTab('glasgow');\" x-show=\"activeTab != 'glasgow'\" class=\"TabButtons__button w-auto px-6 h-9 font-normal font-body leading-none rounded-full whitespace-nowrap transition-colors ease-in-out  \" style=\" color: #002b46 \">\n                            <span>CNS &amp; Pain Models<\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                                                        <\/div>\n    \n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"TabItem\" x-data=\"TabItem\" x-init=\"initTabItem('nottingham')\">\n\t        \n    \t\t<div x-show=\"showTabItem\" x-transition:enter=\"transition ease-out duration-400 delay-200\" x-transition:enter-start=\"opacity-0\" x-transition:enter-end=\"opacity-100\" x-cloak>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n<section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"  padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50); border-color:#FFFFFF;border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px;border-width:10px;\">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row-background absolute w-full bottom-0 left-0 z-0 h-full has-ivory-000-background-color\" style=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  w-full\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" allowchildrentofillwidth=\"\" overflow=\"\" flexwrap=\"\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-text-4-xl-font-size\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Explore our addiction research models<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" allowchildrentofillwidth=\"\" overflow=\"\" flexwrap=\"\">\n<p class=\"has-content-primary-color has-text-color has-link-color has-text-base-font-size wp-elements-c80736ed41bf630ccf950d57dc238f05\">This article forms part of a four-part series exploring substance use disorders through the <strong>three-phase model of addiction<\/strong> and the <strong>preclinical behavioral pharmacology models<\/strong> used to support drug discovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Together, these articles examine how addiction develops, why it is so persistent, and how validated <em>in vivo <\/em>models are used to assess new therapeutic approaches. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-blue-300-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-201e76e868c531f17048369579fe37ca\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/fr\/blog\/drug-addiction-a-public-health-issue\/\">Drug Addiction: A Public Health Issue That Refuses to go Away<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>An introduction to substance use disorders, the three-phase addiction model, and the role of behavioral pharmacology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-blue-300-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16778b9e10ecc2c82dff94d665bd5a38\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/fr\/blog\/substance-use-intoxication-binge-insights-from-preclinical-models\/\">Preclinical Models of Substance Use Intoxication (Binge)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>How reward-driven drug use and escalation are modelled <em>in vivo<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-blue-300-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3d0f13bdfbef0aaef38702493623d2d5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/fr\/blog\/preclinical-models-of-substance-use-withdrawal\/\">Preclinical Models of Substance Use Withdrawal<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Assessing dependence, withdrawal symptoms and maintenance therapies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Preclinical Models of Substance Use Craving<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding cue-induced relapse using reinstatement paradigms. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n    \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"TabItem\" x-data=\"TabItem\" x-init=\"initTabItem('glasgow')\">\n\t        \n    \t\t<div x-show=\"showTabItem\" x-transition:enter=\"transition ease-out duration-400 delay-200\" x-transition:enter-start=\"opacity-0\" x-transition:enter-end=\"opacity-100\" x-cloak>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n<section class=\"Pegasus__Container w-full   relative h-fit  text-content-dark mobile-stacking-standard is-layout-flow wp-block-pegasus-container-is-layout-flow\" style=\"  padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50); border-color:#FFFFFF;border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px;border-width:10px;\">\n\t        \n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t        \t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row-background absolute w-full bottom-0 left-0 z-0 h-full has-ivory-000-background-color\" style=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"inner relative h-full is-flex-layout flex flex-col justify-start  w-full\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" allowchildrentofillwidth=\"\" overflow=\"\" flexwrap=\"\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-text-4-xl-font-size\">CNS &amp; Pain Models<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-content-primary-color has-text-color has-link-color has-text-base-font-size overflow-hidden wp-elements-9ed9bb46cc2365c6813e51baec3b5457 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" allowchildrentofillwidth=\"\" overflow=\"hidden\" flexwrap=\"\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-rounded-large is-style-rounded-large--1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cns-drug-discovery-neural-network-illustration-1024x575.webp\" alt=\"diagram illustration of interconnected neurons representing central nervous system drug discovery, highlighting neural pathways and synaptic connections for therapeutic research.\" class=\"wp-image-7745\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cns-drug-discovery-neural-network-illustration-1024x575.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cns-drug-discovery-neural-network-illustration-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cns-drug-discovery-neural-network-illustration-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cns-drug-discovery-neural-network-illustration-1536x863.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cns-drug-discovery-neural-network-illustration-1920x1080.webp 1920w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cns-drug-discovery-neural-network-illustration-640x360.webp 640w, https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cns-drug-discovery-neural-network-illustration.webp 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" allowchildrentofillwidth=\"\" overflow=\"\" flexwrap=\"\">\n<p class=\"has-content-primary-color has-text-color has-link-color has-text-base-font-size wp-elements-f58785d528a8df706bde7b033c502336\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Addiction research depends on validated <em>in vivo <\/em>behavioral pharmacology models to assess reward, reinforcement, dependence and relapse-relevant behaviors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These approaches form part of Sygnature Discovery\u2019s <strong>CNS &amp; pain <em>in vivo <\/em>pharmacology capabilities, <\/strong>supporting translational neuroscience and substance use disorder drug discovery from early research through to clinical decision-making. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill is-style-fill--2\" modaltype=\"\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sygnaturediscovery.com\/in-vivo-pharmacology\/cns-and-pain-models\/\">Explore our CNS &amp; Pain Model Solutions <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n    \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t        <\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Focusing on the craving phase of addiction, this article examines how behavioral pharmacology models capture cue\u2011driven drug seeking and relapse vulnerability.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","category":[1412,816],"class_list":["post-16866","blog","type-blog","status-publish","hentry","category-cns-pain-models","category-pharmacologie-in-vivo"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Craving and Relapse in Addiction: 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